A Brief History of Stephen Hawking’s Time: Compared to the Findings of CERN’s Boson Experiment

1. Introduction:

Stephen Hawking is considered one of the best popular science writers in the world. Especially his book ‘A Brief History of Time’ is the best-seller among popular science books, dealing with the evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang to Black Holes.

Various aspects of the evolution of the Universe on the basis of Physics have been powerfully treated in the book and it deserves the best laurels. But any theory of Physics needs empirical tests and the undersigned author tried to analyze the theories with the experimental findings of a magnificent experiment of the order of the recent CERN experiment, also known as the Hadron experiment. The results of the analysis are given below.

The purpose of this article is firstly to present the theories presented by Stephen Hawking in his book and secondly to compare it with the findings of the CERN experiment and other popular books written by Erwin Schrodinger, Fritjof Capra, JBSHaldane, Ernst Opik and to drive home the point that the book’s three main findings lack experimental support.

2. The issues considered in the book ‘A Brief History of Time’:

The main questions posed by Stephen Hawking in the book are:

Was there a beginning of time?
Could time run backwards?
Is the Universe infinite or does it have limits?

3. Question nº1, Concept of TIME according to Stephen Hawking:

Stephen Hawking in this book has taken the concept of entropy increase as a measure of time. He actually defines three concepts to define the concept of the arrow of Time as:

1. The increase in entropy,

2. Psychological Time. In the sequential order by which we serialize the events and

3. The direction in which the Universe is expanding (Chapter 9, Arrow of Time)

Although he considers the previous three to be true reflections of the arrow of time (time moves forward), he gives importance to entropy because he considers the increase in entropy to be a measurable quantity and reversible in exactly the reverse direction to allow travel in time. time in both directions. We already know that Entropy (disorder) increases with time. Therefore, he concludes that the increase in entropy is an increase in time.

Previously we studied that entropy is a measure of Disorder. The disorder of the Universe tends to the maximum, thus marking the death of the Universe. Therefore, Mr. Hawking starts from zero disorder and measures the age of the Universe from the amount of disorder that currently exists, similar to carbon dating.

The postulate that Entropy in the reverse direction reduces time cannot be tested empirically. The disorder, one day the disorder can be totally annulled by some Natural Force and the order can be restored. Therefore, measuring time using entropy is basically not possible, unlike measuring the age of the Earth using carbon dating. Also Mr. Hawking brings the concept of Negative Entropy, a measure of order for the investment of Time. To do this, he is taking the example of a puzzle game (page 154)

It asserts that the initial position of the puzzle pieces that constitute a complete image is in order and marks the time as zero. Then its position becomes disordered marking an advance in time. When they are reassembled, time reverses in the negative direction, going back to zero when perfect order is restored. The same goes for a broken glass. During the outward journey it enters total disorder and in the opposite direction, it returns to order.

For the sake of simplicity, let me give the following flowchart of Time Arrow in both directions as conceived by Stephen Hawking:

I. Movement of the Universe in the forward direction:

1.Zero Time represents the perfect order,
2. Time progress means clutter increases. (more entropy)
3. End of Time means Maximum Disorder OR Maximum Entropy (Singularity)

II On the back:

1. Means of the End Times. Maximum mess.
2. Regression in Time: Decreases Disorder (increases order or negative Entropy)
3. Principle of time means perfect order (zero entropy)

This is the vivid description of Time in terms of Entropy given by Stephen Hawking in his book ‘A Brief History of Time’.

4. Discussions about entropy and negative entropy:

The author has already made detailed discussions of this topic and a reference is invited to the undersigned author’s article on ezinearticles.com ‘What is Life?’ – No. 6488527 dated September 2, 2011 in which the concepts of Entropy and Negative Entropy were discussed when reviewing Erwin Schrodinger’s book.

Both are just two forms of Energy. We cannot measure energy by reversing the order of Entropy. This is like saying, if the minute hand travels in the reverse direction, time will also travel in the opposite direction. Energy manifests itself in different forms. The total energy is always a constant which implies that there is no absolute Time in what refers to all the Universal Energy. Time can be used to measure changes in energy and not the other way around, ie energy to measure time.

This also answers question number 2 posed in the book. It’s not about Time running in the reverse direction because what we interpret as Time is just various forms of Energy, either forwards or backwards, so there is no negative Time. For example, if I travel from India to London for 8 hours, the journey from London to India is also 8 hours and not -8 hours. Without a doubt, the distance is in the opposite direction, that is, negative. This will make it clear that any Energy position will be measured by Time in one direction only and reversal is not possible.

This is the great secret of Time and Energy. Various forms of universal energy form in such a way that the rules of energy, including entropy, circumvent other rules to keep time unchanged as far as direction is concerned.

This does not require any experimental proof. Deep insight will make this fact clear to those who think without prejudice.

5: Question 3: Is the Universe infinite or does it have borders?

Before discussing the meaning of this theory, let’s look at the other aspect of his book Information of the Universe.

Stephen Hawking has placed the full responsibility for the formation and movement of the Universe on the BIG BANG. His theory is that the Universe started from the big bang, its movement is due to its effect, TIME also started from that point. Therefore, the Big Bang is the starting point of both space and time. Let’s see how the CERN experiment totally contradicts it.

CERN EXPERIMENT (EUROPEAN CENTER FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH):
Note: Full details and finer points of the experiment are not within the scope of this article. We will see only the aspects pertinent to the topic under consideration.

Let’s start our study from the Higgs boson that the CERN experiment claims to have discovered.

6. What is the Higgs boson?

The Higg boson is a spin-zero particle with non-zero mass predicted by Peter Higgs (born 1929) to exist in certain electroweak forces that require large accelerators (such as the W and Z bosons). That is precisely what scientists seem to have achieved on July 3 of this year as a new particle at the LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) In 1960, Higgs hypothesized the existence of an energy field and an associated particle that it allowed particles to acquire mass without destroying the unification of forces. The latest data revealing the existence of a particle with a mass of 125 GeV marks a milestone in precision high-energy experimental physics. CERN scientists have announced that they have discovered the God particle, the key particle in the formation of the Universe. We will see the following two theories regarding this aspect.

has. Prediction of Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974)

The Indian-born scientist Satyendra Nath Bose (in whose name the BOSON nomenclature was born – Boson means particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics) predicted the existence of the fundamental particle and the entire Universe consists only of these particles and their derivatives .

B. Tao of Physics and Boson Experiment:

Fritjof Capra (born 1939) realized that ocean waves, radiation from the sun, and thought waves are true reflections of atomic vibrations that can be called atomic dances. Indian saints used to visualize ‘Creation’ as an eternal process with no beginning or end and scientists also visualize the Universe as an eternal process.

There is no interruption for the birth and death of both material particles and Life. Therefore, the dance of atoms never stops. Billions of atoms are formed and then annihilated every second, which is known as the ‘Cosmic Dance’.

The source of this activity is the Higg boson, which CERN experiments have now confirmed.

7. How do the CERN experiments negate Stephen Hawking’s theories?

Scientists like Einstein have not approved the big bang as the starting point of the Universe. Einstein has proposed a ‘steady state model’ in which he assumed the existence of the Universe forever, resembling Hindu philosophy and also holistic philosophy. Ernst J. Opik’s model is an improved version of this Einstein model which states that the Universe alternately expands and contracts. There is no unanimous opinion among scientists that the Big Bang is the starting point of the Universe.

The enormous energy expended in creating or breaking up a Higgs boson sheds light on the tremendous energy required to make a big bang. Therefore, it can be concluded that a great energy was there before the Big Bang, during the Big Bang and continues even today. Therefore, as it is written in the previous paragraphs, various forms of the Universe are just manifestations of all energy in various forms.

Regarding the limits of the Universe, this author clarified in previous articles that OBJECTS create their own space and there is no separate entity known as SPACE and therefore there is no question of limit. In this regard, readers are referred to the book on ‘The Expanding Universe’ by JBS Haldane.

Therefore, the author’s conclusion through this article is that:

1. Time is the measure of various changes in energy levels. It has no addresses.
2. Space is only created by objects and there are no closed limits to space.

This writer is not a great scientist. But it is his humble suggestion that scientists can get out of the ‘Singular’ Big Bang myth and visualize various changes, including various singularities in the total energy that always remains intact.

8. CONCLUSION:

Therefore, it is concluded that the answers given to the three questions in Stephen Hacking’s book “A Brief History of Time” are insufficient in light of the findings of the CERN experiment. The book can be studied together with Fritjof Capra’s “Tao of Physics”. E Schrödinger’s “What is Life and Other Articles”, Ernst J.Opik’s “Oscillating Universe” and Albert Einstein’s “Steady State Model” to have complete answers to the questions posed by Mr. Hawking and have an understanding of the results of the CERN experiment.

Let us have an open mind to study the great design of the Universe and not close it with preconceived ideas.

I wish the best to the readers.